Confounding factors include their strict dependence on eukaryotic host cells, the fact that the natural host is often unidentified 11, and unknown growth conditions aggravating the cultivation of protists. However, the isolation and cultivation of chlamydiae is challenging and was so far only successful for members of six chlamydial families 7, 11. These unicellular eukaryotes are ubiquitous and make up more than twice the biomass on earth than all animals combined 10. Our knowledge about these microbes, commonly referred to as environmental chlamydiae 2, is sparse, except that many of them are likely associated with protist hosts 7, 9. Yet, molecular diversity surveys suggest the existence of hundreds of chlamydial families in a great range of different environments 7, 8. Chlamydiae were long thought to consist of a single family, the Chlamydiaceae, including several well-known human and animal pathogens 3, 6. The Chlamydiae are part of the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae (PVC) superphylum, a group that, apart from Chlamydiae, predominantly consists of free-living bacteria of environmental and biotechnological importance 4, 5. Studying these microbes has the potential to understand the variability and evolution of the intracellular lifestyle in a much broader context, across an array of different eukaryotic hosts, environments, and over extended evolutionary time scales. One of the most diverse, successful, and ancient bacterial lineages intimately associated with eukaryotes is the phylum Chlamydiae 2, 3. Intracellular bacteria are generally studied in the context of a particular host, e.g., with respect to a disease or nutritional interactions, and focused on groups of closely related microorganisms. This includes pathogens of humans as well as beneficial symbionts of animals, overall with a major impact on the life around us 1. Microbes specialized to live inside eukaryotic cells are diverse and have emerged independently among various bacterial and archaeal taxa.
Together, our data provide an extended perspective of the variability of chlamydial biology and the ecology of this phylum of intracellular microbes.
Genome-informed analysis of environmental distribution revealed lineage-specific niches and a high abundance of chlamydiae in some habitats. We show a widespread potential for anaerobic energy generation through pyruvate fermentation or the arginine deiminase pathway, and we add lineages capable of molecular hydrogen production. We observe chlamydial lineages that encode enzymes of the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and for light-driven ATP synthesis. Chlamydiae are defined by a relatively large core genome indicative of an intracellular lifestyle, and a highly dynamic accessory genome of environmental lineages. Here we analyzed metagenome-assembled genomes of the “Genomes from Earth’s Microbiomes” initiative from diverse environmental samples, which almost double the known phylogenetic diversity of the phylum and facilitate a highly resolved view at the chlamydial pangenome.
One more, you will not offered to upgrade your account.Chlamydiae are highly successful strictly intracellular bacteria associated with diverse eukaryotic hosts.
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